The transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) channels are Ca 2+-permeable nonselective
cation channels remarkably conserved through the animal kingdom. Mammals have only …

Proteases are signaling molecules that specifically control cellular functions by cleaving
protease-activated receptors (PARs). The four known PARs are members of the large family …

Dietary, microbial, and inflammatory factors modulate the gut-brain axis and influence
physiological processes ranging from metabolism to cognition. The gut epithelium is a …

Background The neuroinflammatory response following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known
to be a key secondary injury factor that can drive ongoing neuronal injury. Despite this …

Most of us live blissfully unaware of the orchestrated function that our internal organs
conduct. When this peace is interrupted, it is often by routine sensations of hunger and urge …

The incidence of chronic pain is estimated to be 20–25% worldwide. Few patients with
chronic pain obtain complete relief from the drugs that are currently available, and more than …

Mechanisms resulting in abdominal pain include altered neuro-immune interactions in the
gastrointestinal tract, but the signaling processes that link immune activation with visceral …

Gram-negative bacterial infections are accompanied by inflammation and somatic or
visceral pain. These symptoms are generally attributed to sensitization of nociceptors by …

Centralized pain syndromes are associated with changes within the central nervous system
that amplify peripheral input and/or generate the perception of pain in the absence of a …

Objective Integration of nutritional, microbial and inflammatory events along the gut-brain
axis can alter bowel physiology and organism behaviour. Colonic sensory neurons activate …