Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the only major mental disorder for which a cause is
considered to be known: that is, an event that involves threat to the physical integrity of …

In this paper, a first in a Series of two, we look at the evidence for an association of post-
traumatic stress disorder with incident cardiovascular disease risk and the mechanisms that …

Importance Little is understood about how the symptoms of posttraumatic stress develop
over time into the syndrome of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objective To use a …

A timely determination of the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prerequisite
for efficient service delivery and prevention. We provide a risk estimate tool allowing a …

Research over the past few decades has focused on the therapeutic effects of physical
exercise among those affected by mood disorders. Only recently has attention turned to …

In the wake of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, physicians have been confronted
with patients who have suffered psychological trauma. This Review Article examines an …

The gradual emergence of symptoms following exposure to traumatic events has presented
a major conceptual challenge to psychiatry. The mechanism that causes the progressive …

OBJECTIVES: To discuss fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and overlapping conditions, eg,
irritable bowel syndrome, headaches, and chronic fatigue syndrome, within the concept of …

Although the manifestation of trauma in the body is a phenomenon well-endorsed by
clinicians and traumatized individuals, the neurobiological underpinnings of this …

Extensive research has identified stereotypic behavioral and biological abnormalities in post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such as heightened autonomic activity, an exaggerated …