Prenatal and early postnatal life represent key periods of immune system development. In
addition to genetics and host biology, environment has a large and irreversible role in the …

Brain macrophages include microglia in the parenchyma, border-associated macrophages
in the meningeal-choroid plexus-perivascular space, and monocyte-derived macrophages …

Despite extensive studies into severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-
2), the effect of maternal infection on the neonate is unclear. To investigate this, we …

Mast cells (MCs) are evolutionarily ancient innate immune cells with important roles in
protective immunity against bacteria, parasites, and venomous animals. They can be found …

Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria present one of the biggest threats to public health; this
must not be forgotten while global attention is focussed on the COVID-19 pandemic …

The human gut microbiome (GM) is a complex ecosystem that includes numerous
prokaryotic and eukaryotic inhabitants. The composition of GM can influence an array of host …

Children, because of having an immature immune system, are usually more prone than the
adults to the microbial infections and have more severe symptoms, which is especially true …

Since the start of the “modern era”, characterized by the increase in urbanization, a
progressive attention to hygiene and autoimmune conditions has considerably grown …

Adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) respond directly to inflammation and
infection, causing both acute and persistent changes to quiescence, mobilization, and …

Microbial exposure during development can elicit long-lasting effects on the health of an
individual. However, how microbial exposure in early life leads to permanent changes in the …