Characteristics of lightning discharges that transport either positive charge or both positive
and negative charges to the ground are reviewed. These are termed positive and bipolar …

Lightning and thunderclouds are natural particle accelerators. Avalanches of relativistic
runaway electrons, which develop in electric fields within thunderclouds,, emit …

We have observed lightning that struck a wind turbine and its neighboring lightning-
protection tower during the past six winter seasons (2005 to 2010) using various lightning …

The charge distribution of some cells in three winter thunderstorms in the Hokuriku region of
Japan is investigated based on Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) flash data. The vertical …

It is well-known that winter lightning has many special characteristics, and the charge
structure of winter thunderstorm has been under debate for tens of years. This paper reviews …

Preliminary breakdown pulses (PBP) of 26 positive and 104 negative cloud-to-ground (CG)
lightning flashes observed in winter thunderstorms in Hokuriku region of Japan are …

To make clear the characteristics of winter lightning flashes, the long term observation of
winter lightning on the west coast of Japan has been continued using magnetic links, digital …

Phenomenology and various parameters of lightning discharges are reviewed. Both
common negative and less frequent but potentially more destructive positive and bipolar …

About 1.1 million cloud‐to‐ground lightning flashes were recorded by a lightning positioning
and tracking system in southeastern Brazil in 1993. The data have been analyzed in terms of …

We examined the occurrence characteristics of the lightning observed at the Gaisberg Tower
(GBT) in the years 2000 to 2018 and analyzed current waveforms (measured using a 0.25 …