Ischemic disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease,
are the most common causes of debilitating disease and death in westernized cultures. The …

Disorders characterized by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), such as myocardial infarction, stroke,
and peripheral vascular disease, continue to be among the most frequent causes of …

Since the initial description of apoptosis, a number of different forms of cell death have been
described. In this review we will focus on classic caspase-dependent apoptosis and its …

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, plays a pivotal role in the elimination of unwanted,
damaged, or infected cells in multicellular organisms and also in diverse biological …

Growth factors and mitogens use the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade to transmit
signals from their receptors to regulate gene expression and prevent apoptosis. Some …

Stroke most commonly results from occlusion of a major artery in the brain and typically
leads to the death of all cells within the affected tissue. Mitochondria are centrally involved in …

It has been over 20 years since JUN amino-terminal kinases (JNKs) were identified as
protein kinases that are strongly activated by cellular stress and that have a key role in …

Cerebral ischemia (stroke) triggers a complex series of biochemical and molecular
mechanisms that impairs the neurologic functions through breakdown of cellular integrity …

Elevated serum free fatty acids (FFAs) and hepatocyte lipoapoptosis are features of non-
alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the mechanism by which FFAs mediate lipoapoptosis …

The innate immune system senses the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms and tissue
injury through Toll-like receptors (TLR), a mechanism thought to be limited to immune cells …