Multiple sclerosis (MS) represents the most common acquired demyelinating disorder of the
central nervous system (CNS). Its pathogenesis, in parallel with the well-established role of …

Neurotransmitters and neurochemicals can act on lymphocytes by binding to receptors
expressed by lymphocytes. This review describes lymphocyte expression of receptors for a …

Background Functions of astrocytes in the rehabilitation after ischemic stroke, especially
their impacts on inflammatory processes, remain controversial. This study uncovered two …

Background Calcitonin generelated peptide has emerged as a therapeutic target in
migraine. Monoclonal antibodies and small molecule receptor antagonists (gepants) …

Nearly 5 decades ago, the effect of trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) on cerebral blood flow
was observed for the first time. This implication directly led to further investigations and …

Abstract Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is a neurotropic virus and its Central Nervous
System (CNS) infection causes fatal encephalitis with high mortality and morbidity. Microglial …

Migraine is a common neurological disorder impairing the quality of life of patients. The
condition requires, as an acute or prophylactic line of intervention, the frequent use of drugs …

Objectives Calcitonin gene-related peptide alpha (αCGRP) represents an
immunomodulatory neuropeptide implicated in pain perception. αCGRP also functions as a …

Vision impairment due to optic neuritis (ON) is one of the major clinical presentations in
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of the optic …

Background Nicotine withdrawal syndrome is a major clinical problem. Animal models with
sufficient predictive validity to support translation of pre-clinical findings to clinical research …