Since the initial clinical approval in the late 1990s and remarkable anticancer effects for
certain types of cancer, molecular targeted therapy utilizing small molecule agents or …

Immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and adoptive cell therapy
(ACT) have revolutionized cancer treatment, especially in patients whose disease was …

Tyrosine kinases are implicated in tumorigenesis and progression, and have emerged as
major targets for drug discovery. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) inhibit corresponding …

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is the first discovered second messenger, which
plays pivotal roles in cell signaling, and regulates many physiological and pathological …

Abnormal vasculature is one of the most conspicuous traits of tumor tissue, largely
contributing to tumor immune evasion. The deregulation mainly arises from the potentiated …

Cytokines are critical in regulating immune responses and cellular behavior, playing dual
roles in both normal physiology and the pathology of diseases such as cancer. These …

Biomarkers-guided precision therapeutics has revolutionized the clinical development and
administration of molecular-targeted anticancer agents. Tailored precision cancer therapy …

Angiogenesis is a double-edged sword; it is a mechanism that defines the boundary
between health and disease. In spite of its central role in physiological homeostasis, it …

As angiogenesis was recognized as a core hallmark of cancer growth and survival, several
strategies have been implemented to target the tumour vasculature. Yet to date, attempts …

Immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment paradigms of various types of cancers.
However, most of these immunomodulatory strategies focus on harnessing adaptive …