All living things depend on their natural environment, either directly or indirectly, for their
high quality of life, growth, nutrition, and development. Due to the fast emissions of …

Abstract Short-duration (1–3 h) rainfall extremes can cause serious damage to societies
through rapidly developing (flash) flooding and are determined by complex, multifaceted …

We present a new version of the Met Office Hadley Centre/Climatic Research Unit global
surface temperature data set, HadCRUT5. HadCRUT5 presents monthly average near …

Abstract Within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), ECMWF is producing the
ERA5 reanalysis which, once completed, will embody a detailed record of the global …

In order to limit the effects of climate change, the carbon dioxide emissions associated with
the energy sector need to be reduced. Significant reductions can be achieved by using …

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has a fundamental role in achieving the goals of the
Paris Agreement to limit anthropogenic warming to 1.5–2° C. Most ongoing CCS projects …

Abstract Since June, 2018, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow‐On
(GRACE‐FO) is extending the 15‐year monthly mass change record of the GRACE mission …

Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top of
the atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth energy imbalance (EEI) is the …

The ocean takes up about 93% of the global warming heat entering Earth's climate system.
In addition, the associated thermal expansion contributes substantially to sea-level rise …

This assessment provides a comprehensive update of the effects of changes in stratospheric
ozone and other factors (aerosols, surface reflectivity, solar activity, and climate) on the …