Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), mainly present in immune cells, epithelial cells, and brain
cells, manifests as an intracellular non-receptor enzyme that modulates inflammation and …

Obesity, a major risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases
and certain types of cancer, arises from a chronic positive energy balance that is often due to …

Decidualization denotes the transformation of endometrial stromal fibroblasts into
specialized secretory decidual cells that provide a nutritive and immunoprivileged matrix …

The glycoprotein follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) acts on gonadal target cells, hence
regulating gametogenesis. The transduction of the hormone-induced signal is mediated by …

This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins
directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide …

Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of
the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an …

Malignant carcinomas are often characterized by metastasis, the movement of carcinoma
cells from a primary site to colonize distant organs. For metastasis to occur, carcinoma cells …

The pathophysiological effects resulting from many bacterial diseases are caused by
exotoxins released by the bacteria. Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming bacterium, is such a …

The pleiotropic function of 3′, 5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent
pathways in health and disease led to the development of pharmacological …

cAMP is a universal second messenger that plays central roles in cardiovascular regulation
influencing gene expression, cell morphology, and function. A crucial step toward a better …