The present review draws together wide-ranging studies performed over the last decades
that catalogue the effects of artificial-light-at-night (ALAN) upon living species and their …

The jawless fish that were ancestral to all living vertebrates had four spectral cone types that
were probably served by chromatic-opponent retinal circuits. Subsequent evolution of …

Biological coloration presents a canvas for the study of ecological and evolutionary
processes. Enduring interest in colour‐based phenotypes has driven, and been driven by …

Vertebrate vision is accomplished through light-sensitive photopigments consisting of an
opsin protein bound to a chromophore. In dim light, vertebrates generally rely on a single …

To understand the function of colour signals in nature, we require robust quantitative
analytical frameworks to enable us to estimate how animal and plant colour patterns appear …

Groups of animals inhabit vastly different sensory worlds, or umwelten, which shape
fundamental aspects of their behaviour. Yet the sensory ecology of species is rarely …

Many animals have the potential to discriminate nonspectral colors. For humans, purple is
the clearest example of a nonspectral color. It is perceived when two color cone types in the …

Highlights•Bird colour vision depends on opsins, retinal mosaic, ocular media and oil
droplets.•Birds use spectral cues for phototaxis, magnetoreception and circadian …

Color in nature presents a striking dimension of variation, though understanding its function
and evolution largely depends on our ability to capture the perspective of relevant viewers …

More than 100 years ago, the biologist Jakob von Uexküll suggested that, because sensory
systems are diverse, animals likely inhabit different sensory worlds (umwelten) than we do …