Blockchain is becoming increasingly popular in the business and academic communities
because it can provide security for a wide range of applications. Therefore, researchers …

Abstract The National Institute of Standards and Technology is in the process of selecting
publickey cryptographic algorithms through a public, competition-like process. The new …

In the final phase of the post-quantum cryptography standardization effort, the focus has
been extended to include the side-channel resistance of the candidates. While some …

This paper presents a side-channel analysis (SCA) on key encapsulation mechanism (KEM)
based on the Fujisaki–Okamoto (FO) transformation and its variants. The FO transformation …

Lattice-based cryptography, as an active branch of post-quantum cryptography (PQC), has
drawn great attention from side-channel analysis researchers in recent years. Despite the …

Polynomial multiplication algorithms such as Toom-Cook and the Number Theoretic
Transform are fundamental building blocks for lattice-based post-quantum cryptography. In …

The candidates for the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography standardization have undergone
extensive studies on efficiency and theoretical security, but research on their side-channel …

A key exchange protocol (KEX) is a mechanism that allows two parties to secure their
communications using encryption. Since it was apparent that large-scale quantum …

The performance of higher-order masked implementations of lattice-based based key
encapsulation mechanisms (KEM) is currently limited by the costly conversions between …

In this work, we are concerned with the hardening of post-quantum key encapsulation
mechanisms (KEM) against side-channel attacks, with a focus on the comparison operation …