To date, metformin remains the first-line oral glucose-lowering drug used for the treatment of
type 2 diabetes thanks to its well-established long-term safety and efficacy profile. Indeed …

B12 deficiency is the leading cause of megaloblastic anemia, and although more common in
the elderly, can occur at any age. Clinical disease caused by B12 deficiency usually …

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is an essential cofactor for two metabolic pathways. It is obtained
principally from food of animal origin. Cobalamin becomes bioavailable through a series of …

The triage theory posits that modest micronutrient deficiencies may induce reallocation of
nutrients to processes necessary for immediate survival at the expense of long-term health …

The EAT-Lancet commission recently suggested that transformation to healthy diets by 2050
will require a reduction of at least 50% in consumption of foods such as red meat and sugar …

Background Trace elements and vitamins, named together micronutrients (MNs), are
essential for human metabolism. Recent research has shown the importance of MNs in …

There is a large body of literature demonstrating the efficacy of maternal folic acid intake in
preventing birth defects, as well as investigations into potential adverse consequences of …

Abstract Nitrous oxide (N 2 O), also known as “laughing gas,” is a colorless, nonirritating
gas. Clinically, it is widely used as an inhaled anesthetic, analgesic, and anxiolytic. In recent …

Plasma homocysteine (HCY) is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease CVD
and stroke. However, more than two decades of intensive research activities has failed to …

Homocysteine, an amino acid containing a sulfhydryl group, is an intermediate product
during metabolism of the amino acids methionine and cysteine. Hyperhomocysteinemia is …