Patterns of environmental spatial structure lie at the heart of the most fundamental and
familiar patterns of diversity on Earth. Antarctica contains some of the strongest …

Antarctica is the most isolated continent on Earth, but it has not escaped the negative
impacts of human activity. The unique marine ecosystems of Antarctica and their endemic …

The oceans cover the majority of the Earth's surface; they influence our climate and provide
a valuable source of food to billions of people. Yet despite its fundamental impact on our …

Perennially cold habitats are diminishing as a result of climate change; however, little is
known of the diversity or biogeography of microbes that thrive in such environments. Here …

Arctic terrestrial ecosystems are generally considered to be species poor, fragile and often
isolated. Nonetheless, their intricate complexity, especially that of the invertebrate …

Following the initial freezing of sea water, sea ice is profoundly modified by the interaction of
physical, biological and chemical processes to form an extremely heterogeneous semi-solid …

Despite a century of study by ecologists, recovery following disturbances (succession) is not
fully understood. This book provides the first global synthesis that compares plant …

Cephalopods play an important role in polar marine ecosystems. In this review, we compare
the biodiversity, distribution and trophic role of cephalopods in the Arctic and in the Antarctic …

Abstract Development of vegetation communities in areas of Antarctica without permanent
ice cover emphasizes the need for effective remote sensing techniques for proper …

Abstract Protected Areas (PAs) are locations for conservation, internationally recognized for
their natural, ecological, and/or cultural values. Human presence in PAs is generally limited …