BACKGROUND The idea that memory is stored as enduring changes in the brain dates
back at least to the time of Plato and Aristotle (circa 350 BCE), but its scientific articulation …

Tremendous strides have been made in our understanding of the neurobiological substrates
of memory–the so-called memory “engram”. Here, we integrate recent progress in the …

Stroke induces a plastic state in the brain. This period of enhanced plasticity leads to the
sprouting of new axons, the formation of new synapses and the remapping of sensory-motor …

Recent studies suggest that a shared neural ensemble may link distinct memories encoded
close in time,,,,,,,,,,,. According to the memory allocation hypothesis,, learning triggers a …

Many attempts have been made to localize the physical trace of a memory, or engram, in the
brain. However, until recently, engrams have remained largely elusive. In this Review, we …

Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past
60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning …

Memory retrieval involves the interaction between external sensory or internally generated
cues and stored memory traces (or engrams) in a process termed 'ecphory'. While ecphory …

Technological advances over the last decade are changing the face of behavioral
neuroscience research. Here we review recent work on the use of one such transformative …

Real-world memories are formed in a particular context and are often not acquired or
recalled in isolation,,,–. Time is a key variable in the organization of memories, as events …

An account of the neurobiology of motor recovery in the arm and hand after stroke by two
experts in the field. Stroke is a leading cause of disability in adults and recovery is often …