Extensive experimental animal studies and epidemiological observations have shown that
environmental influences during early development affect the risk of later pathophysiological …

Abstract Changes in the maternal environment leading to an altered intrauterine milieu can
result in subtle insults to the fetus, promoting increased lifetime disease risk and/or disease …

Over-nutrition in females causes altered fetal growth during pregnancy and permanently
programs the metabolism of offspring; however, the temporal and mechanistic origins of …

The incidence of metabolic disease, including type 2 diabetes and obesity, has increased to
epidemic levels in recent years. A growing body of evidence suggests that the intrauterine …

Adverse environments during the fetal and neonatal development period may permanently
program physiology and metabolism, and lead to increased risk of diseases in later life …

Insufficient oxygen supply (hypoxia) during fetal development leads to cardiac remodeling
and a predisposition to cardiovascular disease in later life. Previous work has shown …

Research on mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of developmental programming of
health and disease has focused primarily on processes that are specific to cell types, organs …

Maternal obesity has become a worldwide epidemic. Obesity and a high-fat diet have been
shown to have deleterious effects on fetal programming, predisposing offspring to adverse …

Key points Maternal high‐fat diet consumption predisposes to metabolic dysfunction in male
and female offspring at young adulthood. Maternal obesity programs non‐alcoholic fatty liver …

Obese pregnant women may transmit their metabolic phenotype to offspring, leading to a
cycle of obesity and diabetes over generations. Early childhood obesity predicts …