The various ion pumps in cells and organelles that generate transmembrane
electrochemical potential for protons are driven in various ways: changes in substrate …

Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is a light-driven proton pump whose function includes two key
membrane-based processes, active transport and energy transduction. Despite extensive …

Light-driven proton-pumping rhodopsins are widely distributed in many microorganisms.
They convert sunlight energy into proton gradients that serve as energy source of the cell …

High-resolution protein ground-state structures of proton pumps and channels have
revealed internal protein-bound water molecules. Their possible active involvement in …

We have measured proton release into the medium after proton transfer from the retinal
Schiff base to Asp 85 in the photocycle and the C= O stretch bands of carboxylic acids in …

Proton transfer is crucial for many enzyme reactions. Here, we show that in addition to
protonatable amino acid side chains, water networks could constitute proton-binding sites in …

Light-induced changes of the proton affinities of amino acid side groups are the driving force
for proton translocation in bacteriorhodopsin. Recent progress in obtaining structures of …

The structures, the optical properties, and the proton-transfer mechanism of
bacteriorhodopsin (bR) are investigated by using an ab initio QM/MM calculation. The nature …

The rate of retinal photoisomerization in wild-type bacteriorhodopsin (wt bR) is compared
with that in a number of mutants in which a positively charged (Arg82), a negatively charged …

Na+/H+ antiporters are central to cellular salt and pH homeostasis. The structure of
Escherichia coli NhaA was recently determined, but its mechanisms of transport and pH …