All cellular membranes have the functionality of generating and maintaining the gradients of
electrical and electrochemical potentials. Such potentials were generally thought to be an …

Each of us made the remarkable journey from mere matter to mind: starting life as a
quiescent oocyte (“just chemistry and physics”), and slowly, gradually, becoming an adult …

NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER• A “brilliant [and] entrancing”(The Guardian) journey into
the hidden lives of fungi—the great connectors of the living world—and their astonishing and …

Synthetic biology and bioengineering provide the opportunity to create novel embodied
cognitive systems (otherwise known as minds) in a very wide variety of chimeric …

The premise of this two-part theme issue is simple: the cognitive sciences should join the
rest of the life sciences in how they approach the quarry within their research domain …

Potassium ion homeostasis is essential for bacterial survival, playing roles in
osmoregulation, pH homeostasis, regulation of protein synthesis, enzyme activation …

Food fermentation is driven by microorganisms, which usually coexist as multispecies
biofilms. The activities and interactions of functional microorganisms and pathogenic …

Glutamate (Glu) is the primary excitatory transmitter in the mammalian brain. But, we know
little about the evolutionary history of this adaptation, including the selection of l-glutamate …

A defining feature of biology is the use of a multiscale architecture, ranging from molecular
networks to cells, tissues, organs, whole bodies, and swarms. Crucially however, biology is …

Cellular membrane potential plays a key role in the formation and retrieval of memories in
the metazoan brain, but it remains unclear whether such memory can also be encoded in …