Chiral substances possess a unique architecture such that, despite sharing identical
molecular formulas, atom-to-atom linkages, and bonding distances, they cannot be …

Retinoic acid (RA) is essential for both embryonic and adult growth, activating gene
transcription via specific nuclear receptors. It is generated, via a retinaldehyde intermediate …

Human pluripotent stem cell-based in vitro models that reflect human physiology have the
potential to reduce the number of drug failures in clinical trials and offer a cost-effective …

Positional identities along the anterior–posterior axis of the vertebrate nervous system are
assigned during gastrulation by multiple posteriorizing signals, including retinoic acid (RA) …

The active component of the acne drug Accutane is 13-cis-retinoic acid (RA), and it is highly
teratogenic for the developing central nervous system. Very little is known, however …

The central nervous system is the most vulnerable of all body systems to developmental
injury. This review focuses on developmental processes by which the nervous system is …

Light is both the ultimate energy source for most organisms and a rich information source.
Vitamin A-based chromophore was initially used in harvesting light energy, but has become …

Vitamin A is essential for diverse aspects of life ranging from embryogenesis to the proper
functioning of most adult organs. Its derivatives (retinoids) have potent biological activities …

Background Moderate to severe dysregulation in retinoid signaling during early
development is associated with a constellation of physical malformations and/or neural tube …

Microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma (MAC) are structural congenital eye
malformations that cause a significant proportion of childhood visual impairments. Several …