There are extensive controversies about:(1) whether any gender differences in math exist,(2)
what factors might contribute to any gender differences, and (3) whether gender differences …

The integration of STEM education in all fields can contribute to the economic and
educational development of a nation. In today's global age, all countries around the world …

Despite progress toward gender equity, troubling disparities in mathematical problem-
solving performance and related outcomes persist. To investigate why, we build on recurrent …

Early detection of and relevant information on children's mathematical difficulties is important
to initiate targeted teaching and intervention. This study investigated the extent to which …

In this paper we present a novel adaptation of a tri-phase assessment tool, originally
devised to investigate students' linear equations-related strategy flexibility, to evaluate …

Although young children often use counting to solve arithmetic problems, over time they
move toward more efficient strategies such as direct retrieval and decomposition. Strategy …

It is broadly accepted that teachers' professional identities influence how they teach and
what their pupils learn. In this paper, drawing on semi-structured interviews with 22 …

When researchers code behavior that is undetectable or falls outside of the validated ordinal
scale, the resultant outcomes often suffer from informative missingness. Incorrect analysis of …

This investigation examined the nature and development of a foundational symbolic numeric
skill—number identification—focusing on children's emerging knowledge of multidigit …

An accumulating body of literature points to a link between spatial reasoning and
mathematics learning. The present study contributes to this line of research by investigating …