The review provides a comprehensive update (previous report: Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di
Lazzaro V, Lefaucheur JP, Magistris MR, et al. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial …

Purpose There is growing evidence that vertebral column function and dysfunction play a
vital role in neuromuscular control. This invited review summarises the evidence about how …

Chronic pain can be associated with movement abnormalities. The primary motor cortex
(M1) has an essential role in the formulation and execution of movement. A number of …

Background and objective Pain influences motor control. Previous reviews observed that
pain reduces the excitability of corticospinal projections to muscles tested with transcranial …

Increasing evidence suggests that a high-velocity, low-amplitude (HVLA) thrust directed at a
dysfunctional vertebral segment in people with subclinical spinal pain alters various …

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used to reduce pain in range of
chronic pain states. The aim of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of tDCS on pain …

Introduction: The physiopathology of central post-stroke pain (CPSP) is poorly understood,
which may contribute to the limitations of diagnostic and therapeutic advancements. Thus …

Objective To assess cervical musculoskeletal impairments during the 4 phases of a migraine
cycle in episodic migraine patients, controlling for the presence of concomitant neck pain …

Central sensitization is a driving mechanism in many chronic pain patients, and manifests as
hyperalgesia and allodynia beyond any apparent injury. Recent studies have demonstrated …

Musculoskeletal pain is an extensive societal challenge, due to the large population
affected, an increased expected life span, and the lack of efficient prevention and treatment …