Efforts to guide peoples' behavior toward environmental sustainability, good health, or new
products have emphasized informational and attitude change strategies. There is evidence …

Drug addiction may be a goal-directed choice driven by excessive drug value in negative
affective states, a habit driven by strong stimulus− response associations, or a compulsion …

Highlights•Stress favors habitual over cognitive behavior in distinct types of learning.•The
bias toward habits is critically mediated by noradrenaline and glucocorticoids.•Amygdala …

Emotion regulation is crucial for coping with stressors but in turn can also be influenced by
stress. Initial studies provided mixed evidence showing either beneficial or impairing stress …

Animal studies have demonstrated that chronic exposure to drugs of abuse impairs goal‐
directed control over action selection indexed by the outcome‐devaluation and specific …

Instrumental learning, ie, learning that specific behaviors lead to desired outcomes, occurs
through goal-directed and habit memory systems. Exposure to acute stress has been shown …

Adverse life events can lead to stable changes in brain structure and function and are
considered primary sources of risk for post‐traumatic stress disorder, depression and other …

Domestic horses are widely used for physically demanding activities but the effect of
exercise on their learning abilities has not been explored. Horses are also frequently …

The degree of behavioural control that an organism has over a stressor is a potent
modulator of the stressor's impact; controllable stressors produce none of the neurochemical …

Objective: Given the impact of individuals' habits on health, it is important to study how
behaviors can become habitual. Cortisol has been well documented to have a role in habit …