Recent advances in studies of immune memory in mice and humans have reinforced the
concept that memory B cells play a critical role in protection against repeated infections …

Surviving a single infection often results in lifelong immunity to the infecting pathogen. Such
protection is mediated, in large part, by two main B cell memory 'walls'—namely, long-lived …

B cells and the antibodies they produce have a deeply penetrating influence on human
physiology. Here, we review current understanding of how B cell responses are initiated; the …

Memory B cells (MBCs) are critical for the rapid development of protective immunity
following re-infection. MBCs capable of neutralizing distinct subclasses of pathogens, such …

Cell fate decisions during early B cell activation determine the outcome of responses to
pathogens and vaccines. We examined the early B cell response to T-dependent antigen in …

Differences in immune responses to viruses and autoimmune diseases such as systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE) can show sexual dimorphism. Age-associated B cells (ABC) are …

The successful establishment of humoral memory response depends on at least two layers
of defense. Pre‐existing protective antibodies secreted by long‐lived plasma cells act as a …

Aging is considered to be an important risk factor for several inflammatory diseases. B cells
play a major role in chronic inflammatory diseases by antibody secretion, antigen …

The germinal center (GC) reaction is essential for long-lived humoral immunity. However,
molecular requirements for the induction of Bcl6, the master regulator for GC B cell …

T-dependent humoral responses generate long-lived memory B cells and plasma cells
(PCs) predominantly through germinal center (GC) reaction. In human and mouse, memory …