Microglia play pivotal roles in controlling CNS functions in diverse physiological and
pathological contexts, including neuropathic pain, a chronic pain condition caused by …

This paper is the forty-fifth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of
research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during …

An estimated 10%–50% of patients undergoing a surgical intervention will develop
persistent postsurgical pain (PPP) lasting more than 3 months despite adequate acute pain …

BACKGROUND: Individuals recovering from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) have
increased rates of acute and chronic pain. However, the mechanism through which mTBI …

Serotonergic neurons in the rostral ventral medulla (RVM) contribute to bidirectional control
of pain through modulation of spinal and trigeminal nociceptive networks. Deficits in this …

Background Dental treatment associated with unadaptable occlusal alteration can cause
chronic primary myofascial orofacial pain. The serotonin (5-HT) pathway from the rostral …

The descending-pain modulating circuit controls the experience of pain by modulating
transmission of sensory signals through the dorsal horn. This circuit's key output node, the …

There is now increasing evidence that pathological pain states are at least in part driven by
changes in the brain itself. Descending modulatory pathways are known to mediate top …

Numerous G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) display ligand-free basal signaling with
potential physiological functions, a target in drug development. As an example, the μ opioid …

Modulated autonomic responses to noxious stimulation have been reported in experimental
and clinical pain. These effects are likely mediated by nociceptive sensitization, but may …