Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean are facing complex environmental change.
Their native biota has adapted to the region's extreme conditions over many millions of …

In this article, we analyze the impacts of climate change on Antarctic marine ecosystems.
Observations demonstrate large-scale changes in the physical variables and circulation of …

Plastic pollution in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean has been recorded in scientific
literature since the 1980s; however, the presence of microplastic particles (< 5 mm) is less …

Antarctica has long been considered biologically isolated. Global warming will make parts of
Antarctica more habitable for invasive taxa, yet presumed barriers to dispersal—especially …

Ecosystems in remote regions tend to be highly specific, having historically evolved over
long timescales in relatively constant environmental conditions, with little human influence …

Several studies have documented that plastic pollution is affecting one of the most remote
and pristine regions of our planet, Antarctica. Plastics of different size and polymeric …

The Antarctic is considered to be a pristine environment relative to other regions of the Earth,
but it is increasingly vulnerable to invasions by marine, freshwater and terrestrial non‐native …

Patterns of environmental spatial structure lie at the heart of the most fundamental and
familiar patterns of diversity on Earth. Antarctica contains some of the strongest …

We review the scientific literature, especially from the past decade, on the impacts of human
activities on the Antarctic environment. A range of impacts has been identified at a variety of …

To understand how planet Earth works we study it increasingly as a system–a collection of
interdependent parts or spheres–the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the …