2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Modes of climate variability affect global and regional climates on different spatio-temporal
scales, and they have important impacts on human activities and ecosystems. As these …

The arid region of Central Asia is one of the world's major sources of dust and exerts a
significant influence on marine ecosystems, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, the …

The Muslim expansion in the Mediterranean basin was one the most relevant and rapid
cultural changes in human history. This expansion reached the Iberian Peninsula with the …

Characterizing the temporal uncertainty in palaeoclimate records is crucial for analysing
past climate change, correlating climate events between records, assessing climate …

The variability of the northern westerlies has been considered as one of the key elements for
modern and past climate evolution. Their multiscale behavior and underlying control …

The causes of Neanderthal–modern human (MH) turnover are ambiguous. While potential
biocultural interactions between the two groups are still little known, it is clear that …

Human population dynamics and their drivers are not well understood, especially over the
long term and on large scales. Here, we estimate demographic growth trajectories from 9 to …

This study presents the first high-resolution speleothem-based hydrological reconstruction
for much of the last 2.7 kyr in the central-western Mediterranean. The paleohydrological …

Speleothem trace element records can provide seasonal resolution climate reconstructions,
but the interpretation can be challenging. Aragonite samples are understudied compared to …