This paper assesses historic changes in mean sea level around the coastline of the North
Sea, one of the most densely populated coasts in the world. Typically, such analyses have …

Salinity is a key parameter that affects the surface, deep circulations, and heat transport of
oceans. Sea surface salinity (SSS) represents the salinity at the ocean surface and impacts …

The interconnected ocean surface current system involves multiple scales, including basin-
wide gyres, fast narrow boundary currents, eddies, and turbulence. To understand the full …

This chapter describes observed changes in sea level and wind waves in the Baltic Sea
basin over the past 200 years and the main climate drivers of this change. The datasets …

Over 2 years of surface current information collected in the Agulhas Current region and
derived from the Doppler centroid anomalies of Envisat's advanced synthetic aperture radar …

The GNSS reflectometry technique provides geometric information on the environment
surrounding the GNSS antenna including the vertical distance to a reflecting surface. We …

This chapter describes both the improvements in coastal altimetry on the technical side and
the ensuing applications, that is, first improvements in retracking and improvements in …

2D sea level trend and variability fields of the Baltic Sea were reconstructed based on
statistical modeling of monthly tide gauge observations, and model reanalysis as a …

More than 6 years of high‐frequency sea surface temperature (SST) imagery are used to
follow perturbations at the inshore front of the Agulhas Current, between the northern Natal …

The annual cycle is a major contribution to the nontidal variability in sea level. Its
characteristics can vary substantially even at a regional scale, particularly in an area of high …