▪ Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) develops in young adults with a complex predisposing
genetic trait and probably requires an inciting environmental insult such as a viral infection …

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is defined clinically as a peripheral neuropathy causing limb
weakness that progresses for up to 4 weeks before reaching a plateau. The symptoms may …

One of the characteristic features of microglia is their rapid activation in response to injury,
inflammation, neurodegeneration, infection, and brain tumors. This review focuses on the …

Cytokines and chemokines have been implicated in contributing to the initiation,
propagation and regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Also, these soluble …

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are induced in response to many injuries including stroke,
neurodegenerative disease, epilepsy, and trauma. The overexpression of one HSP in …

The environment in which the encounter of antigen with the immune system occurs
determines whether tolerance, infectious immunity, or autoimmunity results. Geographical …

Interferon beta (IFN-β) has been shown in several clinical trials to have efficacy in MS. Its
mechanism of action, however, remains unclear. In this review, several biological activities …

Loss of Treg function appears to be a critical factor in the pathogenesis of human
autoimmune diseases. Attention has focused on defects of CD4+ CD25 high Tregs, and …

Abstract Previously we demonstrated that 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 blocks the progression
of relapsing encephalomyelitis. We now propose that 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 blocks …

Objective. To investigate whether T cells in the inflamed joints of patients with rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) preferentially produce the T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines, interferon‐γ (IFNγ) and …