The review provides a comprehensive update (previous report: Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di
Lazzaro V, Lefaucheur JP, Magistris MR, et al. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial …

A complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)—multiple system dysfunction, severe and often
chronic pain, and disability—can be triggered by a minor injury, a fact that has fascinated …

Objectives: To provide a revised version of earlier guidelines published in 2006.
Background: Primary dystonias are chronic and often disabling conditions with a …

Functional movement disorders (FMDs), known over time as “hysteria”,“dissociative”,“
conversion”,“somatoform”,“non-organic” and “psychogenic” disorders, are characterized by …

Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders (FMD) are part of the wide spectrum of
functional neurological disorders, which together account for over 16% of patients referred to …

The diagnosis of PMDs should not be regarded as a diagnosis of exclusion. Careful clinical
assessment is critical, and imaging or electrophysiological studies may provide important …

Much is known regarding the physical characteristics, comorbid symptoms, psychological
makeup, and neuropsychological performance of patients with functional neurological …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an ideal technique for non-invasively stimulating
the brain and assessing intracortical processes. By delivering electrical stimuli to a …

Background and purpose The aims of this study were to describe the clinical manifestations
of functional motor disorders (FMDs) coexisting with other neurological diseases (“comorbid …

Published diagnostic criteria for functional (psychogenic) movement disorders (FMDs)
include psychiatric symptoms and some historical variables to affect the threshold between …