Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) are a group of cytokines that play critical roles in regulating a
diverse range of physiological processes in vertebrates. TNFs function by activating a large …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a conserved group of germline-encoded pattern
recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns …

Plastics are widely diffused in the oceans and their ingestion by marine organisms is raising
concern for potentially adverse effects. The risk of harmful interactions with marine plastic …

Interferons orchestrate host antiviral responses in jawed vertebrates. They are categorized
into three classes; IFN1 and IFN3 are the primary antiviral cytokine lineages, while IFN2 …

Black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) is a marine fish with high financial value; however, the
frequent occurrence of bacterial diseases has caused a production decline and economic …

Most ligands and receptors from the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily play very
important roles in the immune system. In particular, many of these molecules are essential in …

In mammals, B cell functionality is greatly influenced by cytokines released by innate cells,
such as macrophages or dendritic cells, upon the early recognition of common pathogen …

Background The cartilaginous fishes diverged from other jawed vertebrates~ 450 million
years ago (mya). Despite this key evolutionary position, the only high-quality cartilaginous …

Cytokines of the TNF superfamily (TNFSF) control many immunological processes and are
implicated in the etiology of many immune disorders and diseases. Despite their obvious …

This review outlines what we know about cytokines and their evolution within vertebrates. It
is focused on the interleukins, as key cytokines involved in the regulation of adaptive …