Hundreds of millions of operations are performed worldwide each year, and the rising
uptake in minimally invasive surgery has enabled fiber optic cameras and robots to become …

Modern endoscopy relies on digital technology, from high-resolution imaging sensors and
displays to electronics connecting configurable illumination and actuation systems for …

Telesurgical robotics, as a technical solution for robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery
(RAMIS), has become the first domain within medicosurgical robotics that achieved a true …

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems can now reliably assess surgeon skills through videos of
intraoperative surgical activity. With such systems informing future high-stakes decisions …

The Segment Anything Model (SAM) is a powerful foundation model that has revolutionised
image segmentation. To apply SAM to surgical instrument segmentation, a common …

Biomedical image analysis algorithm validation depends on high-quality annotation of
reference datasets, for which labelling instructions are key. Despite their importance, their …

The use of digital technology is increasing rapidly across surgical specialities, yet there is no
consensus for the term 'digital surgery'. This is critical as digital health technologies present …

Purpose Surgical workflow and skill analysis are key technologies for the next generation of
cognitive surgical assistance systems. These systems could increase the safety of the …

Interventional robotic systems have been deployed with all existing imaging modalities in an
expansive portfolio of therapies and surgeries. Over the years, literature reviews have …

Recent advancements in deep learning methods bring computer-assistance a step closer to
fulfilling promises of safer surgical procedures. However, the generalizability of such …