We review the characteristics of sea level variability at the coast focussing on how it differs
from the variability in the nearby deep ocean. Sea level variability occurs on all timescales …

Wind-generated ocean waves drive important coastal processes that determine flooding and
erosion. Ocean warming has been one factor affecting waves globally. Most studies have …

Recent developments in the physical parameterizations available in spectral wave models
have already been validated, but there is little information on their relative performance …

Using multiple approaches, the modulation of climate variability on global ocean waves from
1981 to 2020 is investigated based on a wave hindcast model forced by ERA5 winds. These …

Wind and wave data are essential in climatological and engineering design applications. In
this study, data from 15 buoys located throughout the South China Sea (SCS) were used to …

Global mean sea level (GMSL) has risen by about 7–8 inches (about 16–21 cm) since 1900,
with about 3 of those inches (about 7 cm) occurring since 1993 (very high confidence) …

This paper presents a multivariate classification of the global wave climate into types driven
by atmospheric circulation patterns. The primary source of the net long‐term variability is …

Considering the trend to develop renewable projects in marine environment, the objective of
the present work is to provide a comprehensive picture of the wind and wave energy for …

Insight on wave regimes along the world's coastlines is important for virtually all coastal and
nearshore marine activities, installations, planning and protection. Waves are pervasive and …

Wave direction and wave power are the main climate‐related drivers of large‐scale coastal
morphological hazards on open sandy coastlines. El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is …