We discuss here the energy deposition of solar FUV, EUV and X-ray photons, energetic
auroral particles, and pickup ions. Photons and the photoelectrons that they produce may …

Abstract The NASA Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms
(THEMIS) project is intended to investigate magnetospheric substorm phenomena, which …

The Sun is Earth's primary source of energy. In this paper, we compare the magnitude of the
Sun to all other external (to the atmosphere) energy sources. These external sources were …

The upper atmosphere constitutes the outer region of the terrestrial gas envelope above
about 100 km altitude. The energy budget of this outer gas layer is partly controlled by the …

Recent attention has been given to mesoscale phenomena across geospace (∼ 10 s km to
500 km in the ionosphere or∼ 0.5 RE to several RE in the magnetosphere), as their …

We present three case studies that examine optical and radar methods for specifying
precipitating auroral flux parameters and conductances. Three events were chosen …

Measurements of neutral gas density in the thermosphere at the base of the Earth's south
magnetic cusp from the Streak mission are reported and discussed. In contrast to recent …

Abstract The recently deployed Transition Region Explorer (TREx)-RGB (red-green-blue) all-
sky imager (ASI) is designed to capture “true color” images of the aurora and airglow …

Ground‐based imaging and in situ sounding rocket data are compared to electron transport
modeling for an active inverted‐V type auroral event. The Ground‐to‐Rocket …

Data products relating to auroral arc systems are often sparse and distributed while
ionospheric simulations generally require spatially continuous maps as boundary conditions …