The corticospinal tract (CST) plays a major role in cortical control of spinal cord activity. In
particular, it is the principal motor pathway for voluntary movements. Here, we discuss:(i) the …

The head is anatomically the most sophisticated part of the body and its evolution was
fundamental to the origin of vertebrates; understanding its development is a formidable …

The presence of melanin pigment within the iris is responsible for the visual impression of
human eye colouration with complex patterns also evident in this tissue, including Fuchs' …

Abstract Affecting 1-3% of the population, mental retardation (MR) poses significant
challenges for clinicians and scientists. Understanding the biology of MR is complicated by …

Dental anomalies are common congenital malformations that can occur either as isolated
findings or as part of a syndrome. This review focuses on genetic causes of abnormal tooth …

Gli proteins regulate the transcription of Hedgehog (Hh) target genes. Genetic studies in
mouse have shown that Gli1 is not essential for embryogenesis, whereas Gli2 acts as an …

The objective of this article is to review microcephaly from a genetics point of view,
especially with regard to the process of identification of syndromes in which small head …

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) function is essential for patterning and cell fate specification,
particularly in ventral regions of the central nervous system. It is also a crucial mitogen for …

Retinal stem cells (RSCs) are multipotent central nervous system (CNS) precursors that give
rise to the retina during the course of development. RSCs are present in the embryonic …

Ocular (uveoretinal) colobomas occur in one in 10,000 individuals and present a substantive
cause of congenital poor vision. The genetic bases of most forms of uveoretinal coloboma …