Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation
or transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation, are advocated as measures to …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a popular modulatory technique for the
noninvasive diagnosis and therapy of neurological and psychiatric diseases. Unfortunately …

Background A large number of methods have been described that use transcranial magnetic
stimulation to probe the physiology of the human motor cortex. Since the 1990s, hundreds of …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-evoked potentials (TEPs) allow one to assess
cortical excitability and effective connectivity in clinical and basic research. However …

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of low-frequency and high-
frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on healthy individuals over the …

Background Electrophysiological measures can help understand brain function both in
healthy individuals and in the context of a disease. Given the amount of information that can …

Background Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) is conventionally measured as the
relative amplitude reduction of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) by subthreshold conditioning …

Stroke affects millions of people worldwide each year, and stroke survivors are often left with
motor deficits. Current therapies to improve these functional deficits are limited, making it a …

Single-pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and, very recently, lumbar stimulation
(LS) have been used to measure cortico-spinal excitability from various interventions using …

The spatial accuracy of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may be as small as a few
millimeters. Despite such great potential, navigated TMS (nTMS) mapping is still underused …