The classic view portrays Parkinson disease (PD) as a motor disorder resulting from loss of
substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons. Multiple studies, however, describe …

Background: Ever since the pioneering reports in the 60s, L-3, 4-Dioxyphenylalanine
(levodopa) has represented the gold standard for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease (PD) …

Levodopa is the gold standard for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD).
There are well documented motor and non‐motor fluctuations, however, that occur almost …

In recent years, an increasingly detailed picture of gastrointestinal dysfunction in the setting
of Parkinson's disease has emerged. Abnormalities of function may occur at virtually all …

As Parkinson's disease (PD) progresses, treatment needs to be adapted to maintain
symptom control. Once patients develop advanced PD, an optimised regimen of oral and …

Microneedle (MN) patches consist of a hydrogel‐forming MN array and a drug‐containing
reservoir. Drug‐containing reservoirs documented in the literature include polymeric films …

Introduction Levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG; carbidopa/levodopa enteral
suspension) has been widely used and studied for the treatment of motor fluctuations in …

Therapy for Parkinson's disease is quite challenging. Numerous drugs are available for
symptomatic treatment, and levodopa (LD), in combination with a dopa decarboxylase …

Gastrointestinal symptoms are evident in all stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). Most of the
gastrointestinal abnormalities associated with PD are attributable to impaired motility. At the …

There is currently no cure for Parkinson's disease. The symptomatic therapeutic strategy
essentially relies on dopamine replacement whose efficacy was demonstrated more than 50 …