Haematophagous arthropods, including mosquitoes, ticks, flies, triatomine bugs and lice
(here referred to as vectors), are involved in the transmission of various pathogens to …

Mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of numerous viruses of global health
significance. The term “vector competence” describes the intrinsic ability of an arthropod …

Insect hemocytes are the only immune cells that can mount a humoral and cellular immune
response. Despite the critical involvement of hemocytes in immune responses against …

This overview initially describes insect immune reactions and then brings together present
knowledge of the interactions of vector insects with their invading parasites and pathogens …

An infection induces the migration of immune cells called hemocytes to the insect heart,
where they aggregate around heart valves called ostia and phagocytose pathogens in areas …

Most mosquito-transmitted pathogens grow or replicate in the midgut before invading the
salivary glands. Pathogens are exposed to several immunological factors along the way …

The effects of Gram negative and positive bacterial sepsis depend on the type of toxins
released, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Previous studies …

Simple Summary The immune and circulatory systems of insects are functionally integrated.
An infection induces the migration of immune cells called hemocytes to the surface of the …

Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia
are proven vectors of Leishmania (Kinetoplastea, Trypanosomatida), causative agent of …