Solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling functions have now been in use for almost 50 years. In
that time, a very large number of formulations have been proposed. As they become …

Abstract Space weather has long been known to approximately follow the solar cycle, with
geomagnetic storms occurring more frequently at solar maximum than solar minimum. There …

We study the semi-annual variation in geomagnetic activity, as detected in the geomagnetic
indices am, aa H, AL, Dst and the four aσ indices derived for 6-hour MLT sectors (around …

We use 214,410 hourly observations of transpolar voltage, ΦPC, from 25 years'
observations by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radars to confirm the central tenet of …

Different terrestrial space weather indicators (such as geomagnetic indices, transpolar
voltage, and ring current particle content) depend on different coupling functions …

Since the advent of the Space Age, the importance of understanding and forecasting
relativistic electron fluxes in the Earth's radiation belts has been steadily growing due to the …

This is the second in a series of papers that investigate the semi-annual, annual and
Universal Time (UT) variations in the magnetosphere. We present a varied collection of …

The open solar flux (OSF) is the integrated unsigned magnetic flux leaving the top of the
solar atmosphere to form the heliospheric magnetic field. As the OSF modulates the intensity …

Timely, reliable and comprehensive global observation information is essential for space
weather research. However, limited observation technology hinders the consecutive global …

This is the third in a series of papers that investigate the semi-annual, annual and Universal
Time variations in the magnetosphere. In this paper, we use the empirical model of …