Trace amines are endogenous compounds classically regarded as comprising β-
phenylethyalmine, p-tyramine, tryptamine, p-octopamine, and some of their metabolites …

The central complex is a group of modular neuropils across the midline of the insect brain.
Hallmarks of its anatomical organization are discrete layers, an organization into arrays of …

Octopamine (OCT) belongs to a group of compounds known as biogenic amines. OCT, a
monohydroxylic analog of norepinephrine, is found in both vertebrate and invertebrate …

The representation and integration of internal and external cues is crucial for any organism
to execute appropriate behaviors. In insects, a highly conserved region of the brain, the …

Aggregative and solitary behaviors are universal phenomena in animals. Interestingly,
locusts (Locusta migratoria) can reversibly transit their behavior between gregarious and …

Adrenergic signaling profoundly modulates animal behavior. For example, the invertebrate
counterpart of norepinephrine, octopamine, and its biological precursor and functional …

The characteristic crawling behavior of Drosophila larvae consists of a series of rhythmic
waves of peristalsis and episodes of head swinging and turning. The two biogenic amines …

In most animals, multiple external and internal signals are integrated by the brain,
transformed and, finally, transmitted as commands to motor centers. In insects, the central …

Octopamine (OA) and tyramine (TA) are phenolamines that are synthesised from tyrosine
and are widely distributed in insects. These amines play vital roles as neurotransmitters …

In invertebrates, the phenolamines, tyramine and octopamine, mediate many functional
roles usually associated with the catecholamines, noradrenaline and adrenaline, in …