The immunology of the hygiene hypothesis of allergy is complex and involves the loss of
cellular and humoral immunoregulatory pathways as a result of the adoption of a Western …

Cytokine production by B cells is important for multiple aspects of immunity. B cell-derived
cytokines, including lymphotoxin, are essential for the ontogenesis, homeostasis and …

BACKGROUND: IL-10–producing regulatory B cells suppress immune responses, and lack
of these cells leads to exacerbated symptoms in mouse models of chronic inflammation …

Helminth parasites infect almost one-third of the world's population, primarily in tropical
regions. However, regions where helminth parasites are endemic record much lower …

Allergic rhinitis is a symptomatic disorder of the nose induced after allergen exposure by an
immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated inflammation of the membranes lining the nose (1). It was …

The hygiene hypothesis postulates that an environment with a high incidence of infectious
diseases protects against allergic and autoimmune diseases, whereas hygienic …

Helminths have evolved to become experts at subverting immune surveillance. Through
potent and persistent immune tempering, helminths can remain undetected in human …

Background Reversal of the progressive increase in frequency of atopic disease would be
an important breakthrough for health care and wellbeing in Western societies. In the hygiene …

Schistosomes are parasitic worms that are a prime example of a complex multicellular
pathogen that flourishes in the human host despite the development of a pronounced …

The increase of allergic diseases in the industrialized world has often been explained by a
decline in infections during childhood. The immunological explanation has been put into the …