The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has long been considered an interface between the
basal ganglia and motor systems, and its ability to regulate arousal states puts the PPN in a …

Neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) exhibit a wide heterogeneity in terms of
their neurochemical nature, their discharge properties, and their connectivity. Such …

The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) has been initially identified as a supraspinal
center capable of initiating and modulating locomotion. Whereas its functional contribution to …

While current effective therapies are available for the symptomatic control of PD, treatments
to halt the progressive neurodegeneration still do not exist. Loss of dopamine neurons in the …

In 1966, Shik, Severin and Orlovskii discovered that electrical stimulation of a region at the
junction between the midbrain and hindbrain elicited controlled walking and running in the …

Degeneration of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is responsible for
the core motor deficits of Parkinson's disease (PD). These neurons are autonomous …

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is situated in the upper pons in the dorsolateral
portion of the ponto-mesencephalic tegmentum. Its main mass is positioned at the trochlear …

The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) is a neurochemically and functionally
heterogeneous structure that occupies a strategic position in the dorsal tegmentum of the …

The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) serves as an interface between higher-order
motor systems and lower motor neurons. The excitatory module of the MLR is composed of …

The pedunculopontine nucleus, a component of the reticular formation, is topographically
organized in animal models and implicated in locomotor control. In Parkinson's disease …