Abstract In 1858, two naturalists, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, independently
proposed natural selection as the basic mechanism responsible for the origin of new …

There are many methods for making evolutionary inferences from phylogenetic trees. Many
of these can be divided into three main classes of models: continuous-time Markov chain …

Classic questions about trait evolution—including the directionality of character change and
its interactions with lineage diversification—intersect in the study of plant breeding systems …

Some major evolutionary theories predict a relationship between rates of proliferation of new
species (species diversification) and rates of morphological divergence between them …

1. A long-standing theoretical problem in biology is the relation between organism size M
and metabolic rate Q. 2. This long history of research into such a basic pattern is due to the …

The relative importance of different modes of evolution in shaping phenotypic diversity
remains a hotly debated question. Fossil data suggest that stasis may be a common mode of …

Gaussian processes, a class of stochastic processes including Brownian motion and the
Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process, are widely used to model continuous trait evolution in …

Chromosome number is a key feature of the higher-order organization of the genome, and
changes in chromosome number play a fundamental role in evolution. Dysploid gains and …

In the broadest sense, personality refers to stable inter‐individual variability in behavioural
organisation within a particular population. Researching personality in human as well as …

The long-controversial theory of punctuated equilibrium (PE) asserts that speciation causes
rapid evolution against a backdrop of stasis. PE is currently undergoing a resurgence driven …