Plants have developed multiple mechanisms as an adaptive response to abiotic stresses,
such as salinity, drought, heat, cold, and oxidative stress. Understanding these regulatory …

Leaf primordia are born around meristem‐containing stem cells at shoot apices, grow along
three axes (proximal–distal, adaxial–abaxial, medial–lateral), and develop into flat …

Leaf primordia are generated at the periphery of the shoot apex, developing into flat
symmetric organs with adaxial-abaxial polarity, in which the indeterminate state is …

Abstract The Arabidopsis thaliana Elongator complex subunit2 (ELP2) genetically interacts
with NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (NPR1), a key …

Leaves of flowering plants are diverse in shape. Part of this morphological diversity can be
attributed to differences in spatiotemporal regulation of polarity in the upper (adaxial) and …

Background Modification of nucleosides on transfer RNA (tRNA) is important either for
correct mRNA decoding process or for tRNA structural stabilization. Nucleoside methylations …

Background Pathogen infection triggers a large-scale transcriptional reprogramming in
plants, and the speed of this reprogramming affects the outcome of the infection. Our …

Leaf adaxial–abaxial polarity refers to the two leaf faces, which have different types of cells
performing distinct biological functions. In 1951, Ian Sussex reported that when an incipient …

The evolutionarily conserved Elongator complex functions in diverse biological processes
including salicylic acid‐mediated immune response. However, how Elongator functions in …

The comet assay is a sensitive technique for the measurement of DNA damage in individual
cells. Although it has been primarily applied to animal cells, its adaptation to higher plant …