Pain is a complex phenomenon, involving sensory and emotional experience, that is often
poorly understood, especially in infants, anesthetized patients, and others who cannot …

Abstract The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) scale is one of the most
widely used behavioural observation pain scales. However, the psychometrics of the scale …

To provide an updated synthesis of the current state of the evidence for the effectiveness of
breast-feeding and expressed breast milk feeding in reducing procedural pain in preterm …

Bedside caregivers assess infants' pain at constant intervals by observing specific
behavioral and physiological signs of pain. This standard has two main limitations. The first …

August 23, 2016 Circulation. 2016; 134: e87–e108. DOI: 10.1161/CIR. 0000000000000428
e88 location identification. 21 These online exchanges also frequently include visual …

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Scientific research in pain will only help patients if it can be effectively disseminated and
implemented. Much attention has been devoted in recent years to the insufficient progress …

Background Extensive evidence exists showing analgesic effects of sweet solutions for
newborns and infants. It is less certain if the same analgesic effects exist for children one …

Background Infant vaccinations are necessary for public health, but are painful, causing
distress to the infant and caregivers. Breastfeeding and sucrose effectively reduce infants' …

So far, the current methods in the clinical application do not facilitate continuous monitoring
for pain and are unreliable, especially for vulnerable patients. In contrast, several automated …