I. Executive Summary Background The 5 years since the publication of the first International
Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed …

Immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, and T and B cells, express the vitamin
D receptor and 1α-hydroxylase. In vitro studies have shown that 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D …

Vitamin D, best known for its role in skeletal health, has emerged as a key regulator of innate
immune responses to microbial threat. In immune cells such as macrophages, expression of …

Immune support by micronutrients is historically based on vitamin C deficiency and
supplementation in scurvy in early times. It has since been established that the complex …

The immune system protects the host from pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi,
parasites). To deal with this array of threats, the immune system has evolved to include a …

The SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic has generated an explosion
of interest both in the mechanisms of infection leading to dissemination and expression of …

Low levels of micronutrients have been associated with adverse clinical outcomes during
viral infections. Therefore, to maximize the nutritional defense against infections, a daily …

Vitamin D intervenes in calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone homeostasis.
Experimental studies have shown that 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) generates …

Purpose Hypovitaminosis D is a highly spread condition correlated with increased risk of
respiratory tract infections. Nowadays, the world is in the grip of the Coronavirus disease 19 …

The rapid development of microbial resistance to conventional antibiotics has accelerated
efforts to find anti-infectives with a novel mode-of-action, which are less prone to bacterial …