At implantation, the embryo expresses paternally derived alloantigens and evokes
inflammation that can threaten reproductive success. To ensure a robust placenta and …

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous compounds that have been known
for their ability to interfere with the action of hormones and affect endocrine pathways …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are pluripotent cells with immunomodulatory
properties, have been considered good candidates for the therapy of several immune …

Currently, infertility affects 8–12% of reproductive age couples worldwide, a problem that
also affects women suffering from recurrent implantation failure (RIF). RIF is a complex …

Thyroid hormones are crucial for the growth and maturation of many target tissues,
especially the brain and skeleton. During critical periods in the first trimester of pregnancy …

Progesterone is well known for its numerous endocrinologic roles in pregnancy but is also
endowed with fascinating immunomodulatory capabilities. It can downregulate the induction …

Seminal fluid is often assumed to have just one function in mammalian reproduction,
delivering sperm to fertilize oocytes. But seminal fluid also transmits signaling agents that …

The prevalence of obesity is increasingly common in the United States, with~ 25% of women
of reproductive age being overweight or obese. Metaflammation, a chronic low grade …

Immune cells are essential for endometrial receptivity to embryo implantation and early
placental development. They exert tissue-remodeling and immune regulatory roles—acting …

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is usually defined as three or more spontaneous
abortions prior to 20–28 weeks gestation. RSA affects approximately 2–5% of all women of …