Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is acknowledged as a major neuromodulator of
nervous systems in both invertebrates and vertebrates. It has been proposed for several …

Highlights•Assessing pain in animals is problematic without a distinct definition.•We provide
clear criteria for animal pain that can be used to evaluate if pain occurs.•The empirical …

We outline a framework for evaluating scientific evidence of sentience, focusing on pain
experience. It includes eight neural and cognitive-behavioural criteria, with confidence …

Birch and colleagues have developed an important and useful framework for evaluating the
evidence for sentience–namely, the capacity to experience pain, distress and suffering, in …

Emotions are one of the most apparent and important aspects of our lives, yet have
remained one of the most enigmatic to explain scienti cally. On the one hand, nothing seems …

“A rigorous, in-depth guide to the history, philosophy, and scientific exploration of this
widespread emotional state...[LeDoux] offers a magisterial review of the role of mind and …

The unprecedented growth of aquaculture involves well-documented environmental and
public-health costs, but less is understood about global animal welfare risks. Integrating data …

We are aware of the capacities of the human mind such as consciousness, intelligence,
empathy, love–but are these capacities only of the human mind? What are the other big …

Background & Aims The human gut microbiota can regulate production of serotonin (5-
hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) from enterochromaffin cells. However, the mechanisms …

Recent developments in the study of pain in animals have demonstrated the potential for
pain perception in a variety of wholly aquatic species such as molluscs, crustaceans and …