Disc degeneration affects 12% to 35% of a given population, based on genetics, age,
gender, and other environmental factors, and usually occurs in the lumbar spine due to …

Fibrin is a protein polymer that is essential for hemostasis and thrombosis, wound healing,
and several other biological functions and pathological conditions that involve extracellular …

In this study, silk fibroin and hyaluronic acid (HA) were enzymatically crosslinked to form
biocompatible composite hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties similar to that of …

Silk fibroin is regarded as a natural fibrous protein with tunable mechanical properties,
acceptable biocompatibility, and favorable capability of enhancing attachment, proliferation …

Discectomy procedures alleviate disability caused by intervertebral disc (IVD) herniation, but
do not repair herniation-induced annulus fibrosus (AF) defects. Cell therapy shows promise …

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that aims toward the repair of the tissues and
organs by bringing together the chemists, material scientists, and biologists to work in …

Proteins display an essential role in numerous natural systems due to their structural and
biological properties. Given their unique properties, proteins have been thoroughly …

Low back pain is generally attributed to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. This is a
multifactorial disease induced by genetic and environmental factors and that progresses …

Objective The intervertebral disc (IVD) is composed of the external annulus fibrosus (AF)
and the inner gel-like center, the nucleus pulposus (NP). The elastic NP can function to …

Hydrogels are an attractive class of tunable material platforms that, combined with their
structural and functional likeness to biological environments, have a diversity of applications …