The sensory, associative and limbic neocortical structures play a critical role in shaping
incoming noxious inputs to generate variable pain perceptions. Technological advances in …

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays an important role in pain modulation, and pain-
related emotional disorders. In the ACC, two major forms of long-term potentiation (LTP) …

Background Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a very common complication that
might increase the morbidity and mortality of elderly patients after surgery. However, the …

Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the conversion of ATP to the ubiquitous second
messenger cAMP. Mammals possess nine isoforms of transmembrane ACs, dubbed AC1–9 …

Cumulative animal and human studies have consistently demonstrated that two major
cortical regions in the brain, namely the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insular cortex …

Previous studies have demonstrated that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of
the diffusible messengers for enhancing synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Less …

Abstract Serotonin 6 receptor (5‐HT6R) is a promising target for a variety of human
diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. However, the detailed …

Adult brain structures such as the hippocampus are highly plastic to learning and gaining
new experiences. Recent studies reveal that cortical areas that respond to sensory noxious …

Chronic pain is a major health problem and the effective treatment for chronic pain is still
lacking. The recent crisis created by the overuse of opioids for pain treatment has clearly …

As the main secondary messengers, cyclic AMP (cAMP) and Ca2+ trigger intracellular signal
transduction cascade and, in turn, regulate many aspects of cellular function in developing …