The notion of joint stiffness as commonly studied in biomechanics and motor control is
compared with the physical definition of stiffness. The importance of elastic deformation and …

A hypothesis about sensorimotor integration (the λ model) is described and applied to
movement control and kinesthesia. The central idea is that the nervous system organizes …

Using a non-linear dynamic model based on the λ version of the equilibrium-point
hypothesis, we investigated the shape and duration of the control patterns underlying …

1. We analyzed the rapid adaptation of elbow movement to unexpected changes in external
load conditions at the elbow joint. The experimental approach was based on the lambda …

Subjects made fast, discrete elbow flexion movements while simultaneously producing
rhythmical oscillations about initial and final visual targets embedded on a horizontal …

A systems model of spinal neuro-musculo-skeletal system (/spl alpha/-/spl gamma/model) is
developed to investigate the plausible roles of spinal proprioceptive feedback in movement …

Position, velocity, flexor and extensor electromyographic (EMG) activity of fast, moderate and
slow elbow movements to a target were recorded and simulated using a model in which …

Two versions of the hypothesis that discrete movements are produced by shifts in the
system's equilibrium point are considered. The first suggests that shifts are monotonic and …

Initiation of rapid discrete flexion movements is significantly altered when a secondary
rhythmic movement is performed simultaneously with the same limb; the onset of a stimulus …

The λ model suggests that detailed kinematics arise from changes in control variables and
need not be explicitly planned. However, we have shown that when moving a grasped …