Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology. Unlike
other systemic autoimmune diseases, in AS, the innate immune system has a dominant role …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered a chronic systemic, multi-factorial, inflammatory, and
progressive autoimmune disease affecting many people worldwide. While patients show …

Autophagy (self-eating) is a conserved cellular degradation process that plays important
roles in maintaining homeostasis and preventing nutritional, metabolic, and infection …

Initially used as antimalarial drugs, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and, to a lesser extent,
chloroquine (CQ) are currently being used to treat several diseases. Due to its cost …

Autophagy is a complicated cellular mechanism that maintains cellular and tissue
homeostasis and integrity via degradation of senescent, defective subcellular organelles …

Macroautophagy/autophagy occurs at basal levels in all eukaryotic cells and plays an
important role in maintaining bio-energetic homeostasis through the control of molecule …

Innate immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogenic organisms. It has
a varied and large collection of molecules known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) …

Bone metabolic disorders include osteolysis, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid
arthritis. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are two major types of cells in bone constituting …

Various intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize cytosolic pathogen-
associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns …

Autophagy, a double-edged sword for cell survival, is the research object on 2016 Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Autophagy is a molecular mechanism for maintaining …